The Guardian of the Hills: Devata Culture and Living Shamanism in the Western Himalaya (Shimla Hills) examines the enduring significance of Devata culture and shamanistic traditions in the religious and social life of the Shimla Hills. Situating these traditions within the wider context of indigenous religious practices, the book explores a world in which deities, ritual specialists, and local communities remain closely intertwined, and religious belief continues to shape social customs, cultural traditions, and moral life.At the heart of the study is a challenge to the view that the Devi-Devatas of the Shimla Hills are merely local Hindu gods or figures of regional folklore. The authors argue that these deities are better understood as territorial sovereigns: guardians, judges, and final authorities within their respective domains. Their authority is embedded in the social and territorial organisation of local communities and historically connected with land and structures of administration. Devata culture thus emerges not simply as a body of belief, but as a living institution of authority and governance.Through an examination of the localisation of deities, rituals of worship, shamanistic practices, and the role of the gur or mali as a medium of divine communication, the book reveals the complex relationship between sacred authority and everyday social life. It presents the Devata tradition not as a relic of the past, but as a living religious and social institution through which faith, authority, community, and regional identity continue to intersect in the Western Himalaya.
G.C. Chauhan
G.C. Chauhan is a scholar of ancient Indian history, specializing in social institutions and economic history. He has authored sixteen books and published over seventy research papers in national and international journals. His notable works include Economic Dimensions of Buddhism in Early India: From 6th Century BCE to 7th Century CE (Sanctum Books, New Delhi); Origin and Growth of Satī in Early Medieval India: A Historical Investigation (Sanctum Books, New Delhi); Ancient India: Insights into Social & Economic Dynamics (Sanctum Books, New Delhi); An Overview of Historiographical Approaches; Reflections: Looking Back on Social Institutions of Ancient India; Economic History of Mauryan India; Early Indian Feudal Society and its Culture; What Happened in Ancient India, Vol. II: From the Mauryas to 1200 CE; Agrarian Economy of Ancient India (from the earliest times to 1200 AD); Light and Shades of Popular Beliefs in Hill States: A Case Study of Shimla Hills; Indian Buddhism: A Historical Overview; Some Aspects of Early Indian Society; Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India (from the Mauryas to 650 AD); and Economic History of Early Medieval Northern India.
Professor Chauhan’s works are widely recognised for their depth of analysis and insightful interpretation of ancient India’s social and economic structures.
Malvika Chauhan
Malvika Chauhan is a scholar and researcher in sociology whose work focuses on the cultural and religious traditions of the Western Himalaya. She completed her Ph.D. at Panjab University, Chandigarh, with a doctoral study titled The Realm of Devatas: Sociological Study of Shamanistic Traditions in Kotkhai Tehsil (Shimla District). Her research examines shamanistic traditions, folklore, local belief systems, gender, and the social and cultural life of the Shimla Hills.
She is the author of Women and Patriarchy as Reflected in Folklore of Shimla Hills, the co-author of The Guardian of the Hills: Devata Culture and Living Shamanism in the Western Himalaya (Shimla Hills), and has published seven research articles on subjects ranging from folk songs and patriarchal structures to local deity traditions and popular beliefs. Through her work, she seeks to document and interpret the indigenous traditions and cultural heritage of the Himalayan region, with particular attention to the relationship between belief, folklore, gender, and society.
Editorial Reviews
 | “God’s Shadow is full of fine details of this cross-cultural encounter, but its most arresting aspect is Mikhail’s second claim: that ‘the Ottoman Empire made our modern world.’ He calls his book ‘a revisionist account … demonstrating Islam’s constituent role in forming some of the most fundamental aspects of the history of Europe, the Americas and the United States.’ From it, he says, ‘a bold new world history emerges, one that overturns shibboleths that have held sway for a millennium. Whether politicians, pundits and traditional historians like it or not, the world we inhabit is very much an Ottoman one’.... The story is always interesting.... The highest praise for a history book is that it makes you think about things in a new way.”
—Ian Morris, New York Times Book Review
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| “Captivating.... A welcome and important corrective, Mikhail’s recalibration of the modern era is ambitious and provocative.... Mikhail writes authoritatively, as one would expect from so accomplished a historian. He writes accessibly and vividly, too, which means that the book, while scholarly, is readable, enjoyable, and relatable.... A terrific guide to the Ottomans during a period of profound change.”
—Peter Frankopan, Air Mail
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| “Mikhail’s ambitions, like those of his subject, are bold, and in God’s Shadow he has given us three or four books in one. At the centre is a fast-paced biography of its subject whose killing of his siblings, the alleged murder of his father and battlefield exploits makes the work highly readable.”
—Mark Mazower, Financial Times
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| “If you want a ticket out of 2020, may I recommend this biography of bloodthirsty Ottoman Sultan Selim I (1470–1520)? It not only argues that Columbus’s voyage to America happened because Europeans were busy avoiding the Turks, it’ll also tell you that the Turks had a thing for moles (in 1470, a Sufi mystic predicted that the next sultan would have seven moles, and indeed Selim was born with seven). There’s also fratricide (a rite of passage for sultans-to-be), insane concubine politics, and circumcision festivals, and it sent me down a rabbit hole reading up on sultans. How’s this for a jetpack out of the present: Look up Ibrahim the Mad (1615–1648), who was raised in a gilded cage, loved plus-size ladies, and drowned 280 women from his harem when he was paranoid that another man had ‘tampered with’ them.”
—Sandi Tan, Glamour
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| “Mikhail, chair of Yale’s history department and a specialist in Ottoman history, makes it his mission to demonstrate how this utterly compelling leader helped define his age, bending the world to his will. And he succeeds with a flourish.... Mikhail offers a refreshingly Ottoman-centric picture of the 15th- and 16th-century Mediterranean.”
—Justin Marozzi, The Spectator
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| “[A] refreshingly readable history book that offers a new world view.... It challenges conventional Eurocentric narratives about the Matamoros (“moorslaying”) Christopher Columbus and the triggers for the Protestant Reformation. A radical picture of the Ottoman Empire emerges “as a unified juggernaut” conquering and controlling three continents, while Europe was a “mosaic of squabbling polities”. How I wish I’d been in Damascus when Selim discovered the tomb of Ibn ‘Arabi.”
—Diana Darke, Times Literary Supplement
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| “[Mikhail] masterfully juxtaposes the triumphs of Selim I’s reign with events taking place elsewhere in the rapidly globalizing world of the early sixteenth century.... God’s Shadow is a revisionist history in the best sense of the term. It offers readers a distinct prism through which to view a familiar and, at times, unfamiliar chronicle of events.... For readers unfamiliar with pre-modern Middle Eastern history, God’s Shadow will be an excellent starting point.... Mikhail’s erudition is global in scope, enabling him to make concrete connections between contemporaneous events in the West and the Middle East.”
—Clayton Trutor, The New Criterion
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| “Readers gain insight into the incredible influence of the Ottoman civilization at the dawn of modern history. But Mikhail goes even further, placing Ottoman civilization in its global context. He shows that it is no accident that Columbus’s 1492 voyage coincides with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, or that Martin Luther could use the Sultan’s long shadow as fuel against the Pope. Global economics and politics are well illuminated, as are the connections and relationships between Eurasia and the Americas. Excellent maps and illustrations throughout detail the cities, societies, and cultural regions in circa 1500.... A wonderful, exciting, engaging, scholarly yet accessible work for all readers of world history, a book that addresses a critical but often overlooked axis of global history.”
—Library Journal, starred review
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| “In this revelatory and wide-ranging account, Yale historian Mikhail . . . recreates the life of Sultan Selim I (1470-1520) and makes a convincing case for the outsize impact of the Ottoman Empire and Islamic culture on the history of Europe and the Americas. . . . Mikhail also sheds new light on female political power during the era, and offers intriguing discussions on topics ranging from the Sunni-Shiite split to the discovery of coffee. Written with flair and deep insight, this thought-provoking account is both a major historical work and a genuine page-turner.”
—Publishers Weekly, starred review
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| “[A] richly detailed, epic history. . . . The book is notable for its revisionist views of the role of Islam and the empire in defining and shaping the New World. . . . History buffs will doubtless enjoy its challenges and rewards.”
—Michael Cart, Booklist
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| “Alan Mikhail is a very original and inventive historian.”
—Orhan Pamuk, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature
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| “The Ottoman Empire lurks behind much of the modern world. Alan Mikhail’s new book makes a great introduction to one of the key figures in Ottoman history, Sultan Selim I.”
—Mary Beard, author of SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
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| “The life of the Ottoman sultan Selim I, as told by the gifted historian Alan Mikhail, is an astonishing and thrilling story, worthy of Game of Thrones. Through a tangle of palace intrigue, war, fratricide, and sheer Machiavellian cunning, Selim rose from obscurity to the pinnacle of world power in the sixteenth century. But the scope of Mikhail’s history is broader than this remarkable individual life. God’s Shadow is a radical revision of the narrative of modern history, a revision that restores the Ottoman empire to the central role it played in provoking Columbus’ voyages, in haunting the fears and ambitions of European nation states, and in profoundly influencing the self-understanding of both Catholics and Protestants. Along the way, Mikhail shows that the Muslim culture over which Selim reigned was in many respects far more progressive, tolerant, and cosmopolitan than anything known in the Christian West.”
—Stephen Greenblatt, author of Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics and The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve
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| “Alan Mikhail’s bold study of Sultan Selim, his conquests, and reforms rightfully gives the Ottoman Empire and Islam a central place in early modern history. An important book and a lively read as well.”
—Natalie Zemon Davis, author of Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth-Century Muslim Between Worlds
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| “Alan Mikhail’s sprawling book is a geopolitical tour de force in which the West’s vaunted primacy receives a deeply researched, much merited, long overdue recalibration of its historic, ethnocentric self-regard. God’s Shadow is a major learning experience.”
—David Levering Lewis, author of God’s Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215
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| “In vivid prose, Alan Mikhail offers us a history written not from the cramped confines of Europe’s kingdoms but from the heights of the Ottoman Empire, circa 1492. While Sultan Selim and his armies conquered vast swathes of the then-known world, Columbus and a handful of companions looked for a way around the great Muslim power.... God’s Shadow will change how you think about both the past and the present.”
—David Nirenberg, author of Neighboring Faiths: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism in the Middle Ages and Today
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| “This deeply researched and elegantly written book restores the Ottoman Empire to its rightful place in world history. [Alan] Mikhail deftly reminds us that leaders outside of Europe had a strong hand in shaping the world as we know it.”
—Annette Gordon-Reed, author of The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
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| “In God’s Shadow, Alan Mikhail challenges readers to recalibrate their sense of history. In his telling of the age of conquest and exploration, it is the Ottoman Sultan Selim who takes pride of place, not Columbus or Vasco da Gama. This warrior sultan doubled the extent of the already vast domains he ruled over, rendering the empire a tri-continental threat. Mikhail traces the global reverberations of this seismic development from China to Mexico, arguing that the Ottoman sultanate was the pivotal power in a world of ambitious polities.”
—Leslie Peirce, author of Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire
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| “Alan Mikhail’s God’s Shadow is a stunning work of global history. By examining the Catholic Atlantic’s long, vexed engagement with the Islamic Mediterranean, Mikhail offers a bold and thoroughly convincing new way to think about the origins of the modern world.... A tour de force.”
—Greg Grandin, author of The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World
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| “Alan Mikhail astutely recovers the revealing life of a Turkish sultan who lived in the time of Columbus. Bent on global power, Selim dramatically expanded his Ottoman Empireat the expense of eastern neighbors and European Christians.... By exploring the rivalry and mutual influence of Islam and Christianity in the past, Mikhail offers fresh insights on our world.”
—Alan Taylor, author of Thomas Jefferson’s Education
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